The Defense of Democracy Against Hybrid Threats

Abstract

The “cognitive warfare” being waged against European liberal democracies is a reality. Illiberal political systems, although organized in different ways, are attempting to destabilize established democracies by undermining citizens’ trust in their institutions through what can be described as a genuine **“lukewarm war”**: not hot enough to trigger armed conflicts, yet not cold enough to ensure the peaceful coexistence of the two models. Thanks to the Internet, actors linked to autocratic regimes flood voters with false information in order to generate distrust, particularly regarding the migratory phenomena exerting pressure on Europe’s borders.

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